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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> 用 Docker 搭建商业级 4G 代理 </h1>
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                <p>时间过得真快，距离这个系列的上一篇文章《商业级4G代理搭建指南【准备篇】》发布的时间已经过了两个星期了，上个星期由于各种琐事缠身，周二开始就没空写文章了，所以就咕咕咕了。 那么在准备篇中，我们了解了一下搭建 4G 代理所需要的软硬件，也知道了各种选择的优劣势。现在，我们就可以开始实际搭建了，相信大家也是期待已久了。</p>
                <hr>
                <h4 id="基本思路"><a href="#基本思路" class="headerlink" title="基本思路"></a>基本思路</h4>
                <p>从这篇文章的标题中我们可以看出，这一次的搭建方案主要用到的是 Docker，你可能会很好奇，Docker 跟搭建 4G 代理有什么关系吗？ 嗯，关系很大，我们把整件事情梳理一下，先来看看搭建 4G 代理时的基本流程：</p>
                <ol>
                  <li>调用网卡拨号，拨号成功后会创建一个虚拟网卡。（正常情况下使用这个虚拟网卡就能上网了） <img src="https://oss.crawler-lab.com/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BA%A74G%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E3%80%90%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8BDocker%E7%89%88%E3%80%91/asserts/1.png?x-oss-process=style/weixin" alt=""></li>
                  <li>在多网卡的情况下，重复第一步，会得到多个虚拟网卡。 <img src="https://oss.crawler-lab.com/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BA%A74G%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E3%80%90%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8BDocker%E7%89%88%E3%80%91/asserts/2.png?x-oss-process=style/weixin" alt=""></li>
                  <li>启动代理服务器，使其使用虚拟网卡作为出网网卡，并使用接入内网的实体网卡作为入网网卡。 <img src="https://oss.crawler-lab.com/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BA%A74G%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E3%80%90%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8BDocker%E7%89%88%E3%80%91/asserts/3.png?x-oss-process=style/weixin" alt="使用起来差不多是这样的"></li>
                </ol>
                <p>但是呢，有个问题，根据我之前的测试结果来看，目前在 Linux 环境下还没有一个 HTTP 代理服务器是可以做到分别指定出网网卡和入网网卡的，嗯…这就很麻烦了，因为如果我们无法这么做的话，就会出现类似于下面这样的问题：</p>
                <ol>
                  <li>出网和入网都在虚拟网卡上，使用代理服务器必须要走公网访问。</li>
                  <li>入网为实体网卡，但出网被代理服务器锁定为了某一个，无法利用到多网卡。</li>
                </ol>
                <p>嗯…那么不用 HTTP 代理服务器，用那些经常被用来做一些骚操作的 Socks5 代理服务器呢？如果可以指定网卡的话，再用像 Privoxy 之类的工具把 Socks5 代理转成 HTTP 代理就好了。（某知名扶墙软件的 Windows 版本就是这么转的 HTTP 代理） 在经过一番尝试后，我发现虽然有些 Socks5 代理服务器的文档中是说可以指定网卡，但按照说明操作后，似乎并不能直接做到我想要的效果（要么还是锁定在某一个上面、要么上不了网），所以还是存在一些问题的。可能是需要配合路由表设置来进行操作吧，不过我对网络工程的了解不怎么深，搞了几天也没搞出来，于是乎还得想想别的办法。 <img src="https://oss.crawler-lab.com/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BA%A74G%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E3%80%90%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8BDocker%E7%89%88%E3%80%91/asserts/4.png?x-oss-process=style/weixin_wushuiyin" alt=""> 这时候，我想到了一个东西——Docker，它可以用来解决这个问题！ 因为 Docker 容器被创建后，不管外界的网卡有多少个，容器内部的网卡都只会有一个Docker自己的虚拟网卡（容器间通信用的）和一个本地环回接口（不用管它），而且我们在容器内进行拨号操作时，产生的那个新的虚拟网卡也不会影响到外界或其他容器，这样的话，代理服务器就不需要指定网卡了，直接启动就能跑！ 那么现在整个流程就跑通了，进入实际操作环节看看吧！</p>
                <hr>
                <h4 id="系统方面"><a href="#系统方面" class="headerlink" title="系统方面"></a>系统方面</h4>
                <p>这个 Docker 版的搭建方式，系统方面的选择很多，由于我使用的样例设备是树莓派，所以这里就选择使用了 Raspbian（树莓派专属版 Debian）。如果你使用的是其他设备的话，直接选择一个自己常用的系统就好。 那么准备好之后的第一步当然是先下载并安装 Docker，这里我直接使用 Docker 官方提供的一键安装脚本来进行安装：</p>
                <figure class="highlight dsconfig">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="string">curl </span>-<span class="string">fsSL </span><span class="string">https:</span>//<span class="string">get.</span><span class="string">docker.</span><span class="string">com </span>-o <span class="built_in">get-docker.sh</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">sudo</span> <span class="string">sh </span><span class="built_in">get-docker.sh</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">#</span> 出自官方文档：<span class="string">https:</span>//<span class="string">docs.</span><span class="string">docker.</span><span class="string">com/</span><span class="string">install/</span><span class="string">linux/</span><span class="string">docker-ce/</span><span class="string">debian/</span><span class="comment">#install-using-the-convenience-script</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这个一键安装脚本理论上来讲所有 Linux 发行版都可以使用，毕竟已经出来很长时间了，如果不行的话请自行使用搜索引擎查找相关资料。 装好 Docker 之后，你有两个选择：</p>
                <ol>
                  <li>进入体验模式，了解一下具体操作细节是怎么样的。</li>
                  <li>不看这一段，翻到本文最下方直接使用我写好的轮子。</li>
                </ol>
                <h4 id="启动容器"><a href="#启动容器" class="headerlink" title="启动容器"></a>启动容器</h4>
                <p>体验的话，我们就直接这么启动一个 Docker 容器吧，执行以下命令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">sudo docker run -it --rm --privileged -p <span class="number">3128</span>:<span class="number">3128</span> ubuntu:<span class="number">18.04</span> bash</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>上面这条命令的意思是，启动一个内部系统为 Ubuntu18.04 的容器，并进入容器内部的 Shell 执行 <code>bash</code> 命令，如果退出 bash 就自动销毁容器；然后映射容器内的端口3128到外界，映射出来的外界端口也是3128；最后 <code>privileged</code> 参数是开启特权模式，用于将网卡设备映射进容器内。 如果下载镜像很慢的话，可以搜一下“Docker 加速器”，也可以直接扶墙。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h4 id="测试一下网卡是否正常"><a href="#测试一下网卡是否正常" class="headerlink" title="测试一下网卡是否正常"></a>测试一下网卡是否正常</h4>
                <p>进入容器内部后，我们可以执行一下 <code>ls /dev/ttyUSB*</code> 看一下网卡有没有正常被识别出来（在容器外也是一样的，因为开了特权模式），如果是和我买的同一款 4G 网卡的话，在只插入一张网卡的情况下你会看到4个 ttyUSB 设备。 <img src="https://oss.crawler-lab.com/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BA%A74G%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E3%80%90%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8BDocker%E7%89%88%E3%80%91/asserts/5.png?x-oss-process=style/weixin" alt="插入了三张网卡的样子，一共12个 ttyUSB 设备"></p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>不同 4G 网卡和硬件组合可能会有差异，请以实际情况为准。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>如果你可以看到<code>4✖4G网卡个数</code>个 ttyUSB 设备的话，就说明没有问题，可以开始下一步了。</p>
                <h4 id="拨号上网"><a href="#拨号上网" class="headerlink" title="拨号上网"></a>拨号上网</h4>
                <p>接下来要做的就是拨号了，拨号方面可以选择使用 Wvdial 这种工具，也可以选择使用像 Fanconn 这样的商家提供的拨号脚本（直接调用 PPPD），使用起来的效果会有一些区别。如果商家没有提供拨号脚本的话，就用 Wvdial 吧，它能自动生成配置，上手即用。 我这边的话，由于 Fanconn 的技术人员直接提供了个拨号脚本，那我就用这个脚本了，Wvdial 的文档网上有很多很详尽的，这里就不再多提，需要的朋友自行搜索即可。 如果你用的是 Fanconn 的这个拨号脚本（怎么弄进容器内就不用我说了吧？），那么直接在 <code>apt install ppp</code> 安装好拨号工具之后，用 <code>chmod +x quectel-pppd.sh</code> 给拨号脚本加个运行权限，然后 <code>./quectel-pppd.sh /dev/ttyUSB3</code> 即可。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>拨号时使用的 <code>/dev/ttyUSB3</code> 是指 4G 网卡的第四个通信端口，文档中的解释为：ttyUSB3→For PPP connections or AT command communication，翻译一下就是用于 PPP 连接或 AT 命令通信。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>拨号之后用 ifconfig 之类的工具即可看到类似下图中的状态： <img src="https://oss.crawler-lab.com/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BA%A74G%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E3%80%90%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8BDocker%E7%89%88%E3%80%91/asserts/6.png?x-oss-process=style/weixin" alt=""> 可以看到，如前文所述，现在有三个网卡，一个是 Docker 自己的、一个是本地环回接口（这个不用管）、一个是拨号产生的虚拟网卡。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>如果不是在 Docker 容器内使用的话，还会有个 wwan0（或其他名字），那个是 4G 网卡本体。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h4 id="测试是否能正常上网"><a href="#测试是否能正常上网" class="headerlink" title="测试是否能正常上网"></a>测试是否能正常上网</h4>
                <p>现在如果你用 curl 的 <code>\--interface</code> 参数指定虚拟网卡进行请求的话（如：<code>curl --interface ppp0 https://ip.cn</code>），是已经可以请求成功的了，IP 也会是你所使用的 SIM 卡对应的运营商分配的。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>由于 Docker 的镜像通常都是极度精简的，所以 Ubuntu 镜像里并没有预装像 net-tools、iputils-ping、vim、curl 之类的这些包，需要自行安装。所以如果你发现 ifconfig、ping、curl、vim 用不了，不要惊慌，这是正常现象，执行 <code>apt install 包名</code> 命令安装即可。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>如果你无法直接请求成功的话，就可能是 DNS 解析出问题了，可以尝试 ping 一个公网 IP（如：<code>ping 1.1.1.1</code>）和一个域名（如：<code>ping ip.cn</code>），如果 IP 能 ping 通但域名会报 DNS 解析失败的话，就可以确认是 DNS 设置问题了。 4G 拨号时如果出现 DNS 设置问题，通常是因为拨号工具没有正常地将运营商返回的 DNS 服务器设置写入到配置中，我们可以手动配置一下（你要强制指定某一个 DNS 也可以）：</p>
                <figure class="highlight lsl">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"># 以下为阿里云的公共DNS</span><br><span class="line">echo 'nameserver <span class="number">223.5</span><span class="number">.5</span><span class="number">.5</span>' &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf</span><br><span class="line">echo 'nameserver <span class="number">223.6</span><span class="number">.6</span><span class="number">.6</span>' &gt;&gt; /etc/resolv.conf</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>在 Docker 容器中，这个 <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> 文件可能还会有两条内容，是容器本身所需要的，建议不要删除/覆盖，否则会出现容器间无法使用容器名互相通信的情况。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <h4 id="启动代理服务器"><a href="#启动代理服务器" class="headerlink" title="启动代理服务器"></a>启动代理服务器</h4>
                <p>那么在测试拨号后确实可以通过 4G 网卡上网了之后，我们就可以把代理服务器启动了，这里我使用的是 TinyProxy。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>测试发现，Squid 对资源的占用更大一些，不利于多网卡情况下的使用，会影响到 4G 网卡的数量上限。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>先 <code>apt install tinyproxy</code> 一波，然后 <code>vim /etc/tinyproxy/tinyproxy.conf</code> 修改一下配置。 要修改的配置主要有：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>Port 配置项改为3128，因为我们前面映射出来的端口是3128。</li>
                  <li>Listen 配置项改为0.0.0.0，因为我们需要在其他设备上使用这个代理服务器。</li>
                  <li>Allow 配置项注释掉或改为0.0.0.0/0，默认的127.0.0.1会导致其他设备无法访问。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>改完之后保存一波，然后就可以直接执行 <code>tinyproxy</code> 启动了…吗？ 等等，还有一个操作要做！那就是将默认路由指向到虚拟网卡上，很简单，执行以下命令即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">route del -net 0.0.0.0 eth0</span><br><span class="line">route <span class="builtin-name">add</span> -net 0.0.0.0 ppp0</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这两条命令的意思是：先将默认的、指向 eth0 这个网卡的上网路由删除，然后添加一个同样的、指向 ppp0 这个网卡的路由。 改完默认路由后的效果就是，即使你不使用 curl 的 <code>\--interface</code> 参数，也能直接使用 4G 网卡上网了。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>如果没有改默认路由的话，在不指定网卡的情况下，4G 网卡并不会被使用到，因为默认路由指向的是 Docker 自身的虚拟网卡，那个网卡通向你原本的内网环境。也就是说，IP 不会变！</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>那么现在，你可以执行 <code>tinyproxy</code> 启动代理服务器了。</p>
                <h4 id="测试代理服务器"><a href="#测试代理服务器" class="headerlink" title="测试代理服务器"></a>测试代理服务器</h4>
                <p>好了，代理服务器应该已经正常启动了，现在我们可以在另一个设备上尝试连接那个容器中的代理服务器，看看是否能正常通过它使用 4G 网卡上网。 例如我这里树莓派分配到的IP是：<code>192.168.137.66</code>，那么我就可以用这样的 curl 命令或 Python 代码进行测试： curl：</p>
                <figure class="highlight gml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">curl <span class="string">"https://ip.cn"</span></span><br><span class="line">curl -<span class="symbol">x</span> <span class="string">"192.168.137.66:3128"</span> <span class="string">"https://ip.cn"</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>Python：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line">resp = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://ip.cn"</span>, proxies=&#123;<span class="string">"https"</span>: <span class="string">"http://192.168.137.66:3128"</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">no_proxy_resp = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://ip.cn"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(resp.text)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(no_proxy_resp.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>测试出来的结果应该与前面在容器内部测试时的一致，在使用代理后 IP 就变成了运营商分配的基站 IP。</p>
                <h4 id="更换-IP"><a href="#更换-IP" class="headerlink" title="更换 IP"></a>更换 IP</h4>
                <p>那么最核心的问题来了，怎么更换 IP 呢？ 其实和使用那些拨号 VPS 架设代理服务器一样，我们只需要重新拨个号就能换 IP 了，直接 kill 掉 pppd 进程就可以让它断开拨号，断开后重新执行一遍拨号脚本就是重新拨号了。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>断开拨号方面 Fanconn 的技术人员也提供了一个脚本，同样在 <code>chmod +x quectel-ppp-kill</code> 赋予运行权限之后，执行 <code>./quectel-ppp-kill</code> 就可以了。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>但需要注意的是，蜂窝网络的拨号在断开后，IP 仍然会保留一段时间（具体多久不清楚，可能跟连接的基站也有关系），所以我们需要强制性地让网卡重新搜网。</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>冷门小知识：手机上开启关闭飞行模式的效果就是重新搜网，通常只是关闭“移动数据”的话，效果是与断开拨号一致的。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>怎么做呢？很简单，就两行命令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">AT+<span class="attribute">CFUN</span>=0</span><br><span class="line">AT+<span class="attribute">CFUN</span>=1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>但注意哦，这是 AT 命令，不是 Linux 下的 Shell 命令，AT 命令是一种调制解调器命令语言，我们如果需要将它执行起来，需要这么做：</p>
                <figure class="highlight jboss-cli">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> <span class="string">"AT+CFUN=0"</span> &gt; <span class="string">/dev/ttyUSB2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 中间间隔1秒左右</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">echo</span> <span class="string">"AT+CFUN=1"</span> &gt; <span class="string">/dev/ttyUSB2</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>这里使用的 <code>/dev/ttyUSB2</code> 是指 4G 网卡的第三个通信端口，文档中的解释为：ttyUSB2→For AT command communication，与第四个通信端口类似，只是它不能用于 PPP 连接、只能用于 AT 命令通信而已。 不同样使用第四个通信端口的原因是那个端口有被占用的可能性，直接区分开最稳妥，本来网卡也就是提供了两个 AT 命令通信渠道的。</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>在使网卡重新搜网后的几秒至十几/几十秒内的时间里，你无法正常拨号，需要等待它初始化完成后才可以拨号成功，具体等待时间以信号强度为准，我测试的时候通常5秒以内就可以了。 所以如果你在断开后一直拨号失败，不妨过一会儿再试。</p>
                <hr>
                <h4 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h4>
                <p>那么现在操作流程也跑通了，我们也了解到了整个的内部细节，最后要做的就是把每个网卡都分别分配一个容器，这样我们就能实现文章开头所提到的——“使用虚拟网卡作为出网网卡，并使用接入内网的实体网卡作为入网网卡”的效果了。 实际操作起来的话，就是把指定网卡的部分给配置化，然后在启动容器的时候传入就好了，使用 Docker 的容器环境变量相关设置可以很轻松地实现这个功能。 最后，我们可以以这个思路，构建一个 docker-compose 模板，模板的核心内容一是做个简易的4G网卡容器集群，二是启动个 Squid，用来聚合代理服务器，这样我们使用的时候只需要指定一个代理服务器就能随机更换了，操作起来更加方便。</p>
                <hr>
                <p>好了，上面就是 Docker 版搭建方式的思路和整个的搭建流程，如果你懒得看的话，直接用我写好的轮子也是可以的，只需要发送消息【Docker版4G代理】到公众号【NightTeam】即可。</p>
                <h4 id="评价"><a href="#评价" class="headerlink" title="评价"></a>评价</h4>
                <p>最后的最后，我给这个搭建方式打个评价吧。 这个搭建方式并不完美，因为变量太多，而且很多地方肯定不如系统级原生支持的那么稳定，长期使用可能会出现各种奇奇怪怪的问题。 然后 Docker 的资源占用其实挺高的，会浪费相当多的内存在启动容器上，如果只是两三个网卡还好，如果数量大一点的话，像树莓派2B 这种小内存的设备根本就扛不住。 另外代理服务器本身对资源的消耗也是比较高的，高频调用下对树莓派2B 的小 CPU 压力还是蛮大的，即使我对它的 CPU 进行了超频，在并发测试时也还是会出现轻松打满 CPU 的情况。 <strong>但是！截止目前，我还有两种基于路由器系统的搭建方案没写出来！所以…敬请期待后续的其他搭建方案（斜眼笑）。</strong></p>
                <hr>
                <p>文章作者：「夜幕团队 NightTeam」 - Loco 夜幕团队成立于 2019 年，团队包括崔庆才、周子淇、陈祥安、唐轶飞、冯威、蔡晋、戴煌金、张冶青和韦世东。 涉猎的编程语言包括但不限于 Python、Rust、C++、Go，领域涵盖爬虫、深度学习、服务研发、对象存储等。团队非正亦非邪，只做认为对的事情，请大家小心。 <img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2019/9/11/16d205d3a2367c2b?w=900&amp;h=383&amp;f=jpeg&amp;s=32674" alt=""></p>
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